In Aristotle’s writings regarding the biology of embryology, especially in the Generation of Animals, he contends that the mother’s menstrual fluids provide the material for the generation of the offspring, and the father’s form determines its formation as a member of that species (e.g. human). The katamenia (menstrual fluids) of the mother are said to be potentially all the body parts of the offspring, though actually none of them. So, the fluids are potentially the offspring. But are they a first (...) potentiality or second potentiality (first actuality) of a human, in the terminology of De Anima II? In this paper I will argue that katamenia are a first potentiality of a human. My first argument is that katamenia do not have the potential for human activities such as thinking, but rather the potential of becoming something having the potential for those activities. I answer the objection that katamenia are not even a first potentiality, by appealing to an important text contending that for any x whose source of becoming is external, x is potentially y if nothing in x with respect to matter needs to be changed in order for an external principle to make x into y. (shrink)

Nghiên cứu của O'Brien và đồng nghiệp tiến hành đánh giá ảnh hưởng của 3 phương pháp đa dạng hóa rủi ro môi trường [1] đối với tác động môi trường ở một số trang trại nuôi gia súc tại Ireland. Ba phương pháp thường được đề xuất, đề cập trong nghiên cứu này là: 1) Hỗn hợp cỏ và white clover (GWC), 2) Canh tác hữu cơ (OFS), và 3) Tiếp cận nông lâm (AGF). Với AGF thì cụ thể (...) là phương pháp kết hợp cây lâu năm, với đồng cỏ chăn thả và thu hoạch cất trữ (Silvopasture). (shrink)

Vào ngày 19/4/2024 vừa qua, Tuyên bố New York về Ý thức của Động vật đã được công bố tại một hội nghị "Khoa học Mới nổi về Ý thức của Động vật" được tổ chức tại Đại học New York. Tuyên bố New York là một nỗ lực để thể hiện sự đồng thuận của giới khoa học về sự tồn tại trải nghiệm ý thức ở tất cả các loài có xương sống (bao gồm tất cả các loài (...) bò sát, lưỡng cư và cá) và nhiều loài không xương sống (bao gồm, ít nhất là, các loài mực ống, giáp xác mười chân và côn trùng). Về mặt khoa học, Tuyên bố New York là một bước tiến bộ lớn cho nhân loại, nhưng nó cũng sẽ khiến cho nhiều người có ý thức hơn về các thách thức đạo đức liên quan đến động vật có trải nghiệm ý thức. Bài viết này sẽ bàn về các cách tiếp cận triết học đối với vấn đề đạo đức của việc giết các sinh vật có tri giác để từ đó chỉ ra nan đề đạo đức đang hiện hữu trong xã hội loài người: Để duy trì sự tồn tại của con người, loài được xem là có đạo đức, thì chúng ta lại vi phạm đạo đức của chính chúng ta, là sát sinh các loài có giá trị nội tại, ý thức, hay tri giác khác. Nan đề đạo đức này đã tồn tại trong xã hội loài người từ rất lâu trước đây. Nhiều giải pháp đã được đề xuất và ứng dụng vào thực tế nhầm giải quyết nan đề này, như cách tiếp cận bất bạo lực và ăn chay của Phật giáo, việc áp dụng luật Hồi giáo và các nghi lễ thiêng liêng đối với động vật trong Hồi giáo, các phòng trào đòi quyền cho động vật và thực hiện tuyệt chủng tự nguyện ở các nước phương Tây, hay chế biến thịt sử dụng tế bào động vật. Tuy nhiên, dù cách nào đi nữa thì hiện nay chúng ta vẫn chưa thể hoàn toàn giải quyết được nan đề đạo đức, đó là các sinh vật có tri giác vẫn tiếp tục bị giết vì sự sinh tồn của con người. Chúng tôi cho rằng giải pháp khả thi nhất hiện nay đó là thay đổi văn hóa tiêu dùng thực phẩm ở hiện tại, xây dựng các giá trị văn hóa thặng dư sinh thái, và thúc đẩy các giải pháp hòa bình. (shrink)

Trong nhiều biện pháp chống biến đổi khí hậu thế giới đang nghiên cứu và áp dụng, không phải lúc nào cũng là những thứ tối tân, hiện đại và lớn lao kỳ vĩ. Có những biện pháp thuộc về cải tiến phương thức nuôi trồng, và thực tế đã cho thấy hiệu quả đo đếm được, bằng những tín chỉ có khả năng quy đổi thành giá trị tiền tệ thông qua mậu dịch carbon. Hiệu quả này có thể (...) xem như vế số 1 của mệnh đề nguyên lý trao đổi giá trị môi sinh-tiền tệ, trường hợp tạo ra thặng dư sinh thái. Bài viết này đề cập tới một trường hợp tiêu biểu của thế giới, và xem xét cơ sở khoa học của nguyên lý vận hành, trực tiếp liên quan. Sau cùng, một số ý kiến về những điều kiện cần có chuẩn bị cho triển khai trong thực tiễn tại Việt Nam sẽ được trình bày. (shrink)

NUTRIÇÃO SOBRE AS FALHAS REPRODUTIVAS DOS BOVINOS -/- E. I. C. da Silva Departamento de Agropecuária – IFPE Campus Belo Jardim Departamento de Zootecnia – UFRPE sede -/- -/- FALHAS REPRODUTIVAS DE BOVINOS -/- INTRODUÇÃO -/- Os bovinos, assim como tantos outros mamíferos e demais espécies, podem sofrer distúrbios durante o ciclo reprodutivo. Transtornos, alterações ou patogenias afetam diretamente a saúde do sistema reprodutor desses animais. As causas podem ser individuais ou multifatoriais, de caráter parasitário, patogênico, climático, nutricional etc. As (...) causas de caráter parasitário podem ser controladas mediante a assepsia e profilaxia para a eliminação dos parasitas como carrapatos que vivem no mesmo habitat que o animal. As de caráter patogênico, como estão relacionadas à doenças, necessitam de especialistas na área, como o médico-veterinário para a avaliação, diagnóstico e tratamento por meio de práticas cirúrgicas ou na administração de fármacos. O fator clima pode ser controlado mediante o investimento em tecnologia e aquisição de equipamentos que possam manter a integridade e o bem-estar do animal, seja por ventiladores, exaustores, nebulizadores, aspersores, etc. Por fim, as de caráter nutricional podem ser prevenidas mediante a boa administração energética, proteica e mineral, além de uma boa qualidade de alimento volumoso ou concentrado que atenda e supra os requerimentos exigidos por cada categoria animal. Sendo assim, pode-se dividir as falhas reprodutivas dos machos bovinos relacionados à nutrição em energia, proteína, minerais e vitaminas. Antes disso, essas falhas estão relacionadas aos fatores de degeneração testicular e casos de hipospermia. -/- 17.1 Degeneração testicular e Hipospermia -/- Degeneração testicular é uma importante causa de infertilidade em machos de todas as espécies. Entre as causas, podem ser consideradas a elevação da temperatura testicular (por isso torna-se importante que a bolsa escrotal tenha um certo tamanho que permita aos testículos ficarem longe do corpo, uma vez que a temperatura corporal mataria os espermatozoides, sendo essencial os testículos ficarem “caídos” para que possam ter no mínimo 2-3 °C à mesmos do que a temperatura corporal), infecções, fatores nutricionais, lesões vasculares, lesões obstrutivas etc. O testículo com degeneração mostra diminuição de tamanho, fibrose, alterações na espermatogênese, aumento de esperma imaturo ou anormal e azoospermia em casos severos. -/- Em casos de lesão testicular com dano parcial sobre o epitélio germinal, apresenta-se uma menor taxa de formação e maturação das células espermáticas. O macho pode ser fértil, mas a condição de hipospermia levará à que, sob condições de estresse ou alta carga de fêmeas a cobrir, se apresentem falhas na fertilização. Ejaculados com características de hipospermia não podem ser congelados, logo não servem para a indústria do sêmen. -/- -/- Deficiências nutricionais retardam o início da puberdade e deprimem a produção e as características do sêmen. Os efeitos da má nutrição podem ser corrigidos em animais maduros, enquanto que é menos bem sucedido em animais jovens devido aos danos permanentes causados no epitélio germinal do testículo. (FRAZER, 2005; GORDON, 1996). Entre as principais limitantes de origem nutricional temos: -/- 17.2 Vitaminas -/- 17.2.1 Vitamina A -/- A deficiência de vitamina A e provitamina A (já que é essencial direta ou indiretamente para a função de todos os órgãos e particularmente para o crescimento e desenvolvimento dos epitélios) é necessária para a diferenciação celular, processo no qual se modificam as células não especializadas de modo que possam realizar funções específicas. Os órgãos reprodutores exigem retinol para que possam realizar o processo de espermatogênese normal nos machos e para prevenir a necrose placentária e a mortalidade fetal na fêmea. Carências de Vitamina A produzem: degeneração do epitélio germinal, baixa espermiogênese parcial ou total, cornificação do epitélio vaginal, irregularidades do estro, atrasos na concepção, abortos, crias fracas e/ou deficientes visuais (cegas) e uma degeneração da placenta e a retenção da mesma. A deficiência da vitamina A pode conduzir a uma degeneração dos tubos seminíferos nos bovinos jovens e deve-se ao fato da supressão da liberação de gonadotropinas hipofisárias e noutros casos, a espermatogênese é impedida e as funções das células de Sertoli e de Leydig são alteradas. A vitamina A não é sintetizada no organismo, o que leva a uma dependência direta do fornecimento dessa vitamina através dos alimentos que o criador têm na propriedade, seja forragens ou concentrados de ótima qualidade. -/- Essa vitamina é essencial para os animais e humanos, visto que participa de inúmeras funções metabólicas no corpo dos mesmos. Sendo assim, o criador deve saber das exigências vitamínicas do seu rebanho. Em bovinos de corte a exigência e a recomendação de fornecimento dessa vitamina está entre 2200 UI/kg de MS para animais em crescimento e engorda e para reprodutores recomenda-se níveis de 3900 UI/kg de MS. Já para bovinos leiteiros esses números são diferentes, de acordo com livros de nutrição de ruminantes, animais em crescimento e engorda devem consumir matéria seca com teores de 80 UI/kg de MS, já para reprodutores e animais adultos a quantidade recomendada e exigida é de 110 UI/kg de MS, isso diariamente. As forragens suprem bem a exigência de vitamina A dos animais, em especial o capim tifton e o tanzânia são os mais recomendados uma vez que possuem altos teores vitamínicos e minerais. As vias de suplementação dessa vitamina é através das forragens (mais acessível e barato), através da ração concentrada ou pela água e suplementação injetável. -/- 17.2.2 Vitamina E -/- A vitamina E é uma substância também conhecida como tocoferol, sendo sua forma mais ativa o alfa tocoferol. A vitamina E pertence ao grupo de vitaminas lipossolúveis amplamente distribuídas nos alimentos. -/- A sua principal função é descrita como um antioxidante natural, agindo como tal, a vitamina E evita a oxidação de constituintes celulares essenciais e/ou evita a formação de produtos tóxicos de oxidação, como os produtos de peroxidação formados a partir de ácidos graxos insaturados que foram detectados através de sua ausência. Essa vitamina é essencial para a reprodução normal em várias espécies de mamíferos. Ela ainda têm sido usada em clínicas reprodutivas de todo o mundo para o tratamento de abortos recorrentes e da infertilidade em ambos os sexos (CHAN, 2003). -/- -/- A deficiência da vitamina E influencia a maturação espermática e a degeneração do epitélio germinal dos túbulos seminíferos, já que ela os protege da oxidação evitando a deterioração da peroxidase sobre os fosfolipídios poli-insaturados da membrana espermática (PITA RODRÍGUEZ, 1997). A deficiência dessa também evita o crescimento anormal. Na ausência de vitamina E, a quantidade de gorduras insaturadas dentro das células diminuem, causando anomalias estruturais e funcionais das organelas mitocondriais, lisossomos e até mesmo na membrana celular, se essa falta de vitamina E no adulto tornar-se acentuada ocorrerá a degeneração precoce do epitélio germinal, o que afeta, em primeiro lugar, as células mais evoluídas: os espermatozoides, cuja mobilidade se perde e sua formação torne-se cada vez mais rara, até chegar ao nível de esterilidade completa. -/- As exigências dos bovinos de corte quanto a vitamina em questão é de 15 – 60 UI/kg de MS diárias para animais em crescimento e engorda. Já para bovinos leiteiros, essa exigência é muito menor chegando a 0,8 UI/kg de peso vivo (PV) para animais em crescimento e engorda e para animais adultos e reprodutores cerca de 1,6 UI/kg de PV diários. Os alimentos, assim como as vias de suplementação ideais, são os mesmos mencionados no tópico acerca da vitamina A. -/- 17.3 Proteínas -/- O efeito do excesso de proteína da dieta na reprodução é complexo. Os excessos de proteína podem também ter um efeito negativo na reprodução. Alguns efeitos foram demonstrados para explicar o pobre desempenho reprodutivo que algumas vezes é observado em dietas com excessivos níveis de proteína: Podem apresentar-se altos níveis de ureia no sangue, o que possui efeito tóxico sobre os espermatozoides, óvulos, e o embrião em desenvolvimento (WATTIAUX, 1990), igualmente, apresenta-se um desequilíbrio energético que em casos severos bloqueia a liberação de LH produzindo alteração na maturação espermática nas células de Leyding. -/- As proteínas são importantes para todo o funcionamento normal e funções fisiológicas e metabólicas dos animais e do homem. Logo, a tabela 1 traz os níveis recomendados e exigências de bovinos de corte de diferentes categorias para que se possa prevenir e/ou combater as possíveis degenerações testiculares bem como a hipospermia, trazendo os requerimentos de bovinos leiteiros jovens o que é mais ideal para combater previamente esses distúrbios que afetam diretamente a função reprodutiva e o desemprenho dos animais. -/- Tabela 1: Exigências de proteína metabolizável (PM) e proteína bruta (PB), para diferentes categorias de bovinos de corte -/- BAIXE O PDF E VISUALIZE A TABELA -/- Para os bovinos leiteiros jovens, os níveis de PB presente na dieta dos animais entre 150 e 400 kg de PV podem ser entre 12 e 22%, o que é ideal para a prevenção de degenerações, atraso à puberdade ou qualquer anormalidade que afete o desempenho dos animais. -/- Os alimentos mais proteicos são os de origem animal, porém não se pode ofertá-los completamente e diretamente aos animais, isto é, deve-se misturá-los a outros ingredientes; logo, o tipo e a quantidade de proteína depende dos ingredientes, do método de alimentação e do potencial produtivo e genético dos animais. -/- 17.4 Minerais -/- 17.4.1 Manganês (Mn) -/- O manganês é um componente de várias enzimas e essencial para a estrutura óssea normal. Quando a alimentação é deficiente em Mn por algumas semanas, o corpo parece conservar este mineral de forma eficaz. -/- Numa dieta média, cerca de 45% do mineral ingerido é absorvido. A absorção pode ser diminuída com o consumo de quantidades excessivas de Ca, P ou Fe. Após a absorção, o Mn liga-se à sua proteína transportadora e é conhecido como transmanganina. Os ossos, e em menor quantidade o fígado, músculos, e pele servem como locais de armazenamento desse mineral. -/- O Mn está envolvido na função pancreática e na utilização correta da glicose, sendo também um interveniente ativo na produção de tiroxina e de hormonas sexuais. Tem importância na produção do colesterol e no metabolismo de gorduras. -/- O Mn é um mineral de grande afinidade com o aparelho reprodutor. A deficiência desse elemento produz uma diminuição da fertilidade, atraso no desenvolvimento testicular e diminuição da espermatogênese. Se houver atrofia dos testículos, a produção de espermatozoides será reduzida e, portanto, a fertilidade será afetada. -/- A quantidade de 13 mg de Mn por kg de MS é suficiente para a obtenção de um crescimento adequado, mas para um crescimento testicular ideal e constante é necessário um mínimo de 16 mg de Mn por kg de MS. -/- Para uma boa suplementação que atenda às necessidades do gado de corte e leite, o nível ideal de Mn presente na MS em mg/kg deve estar entre 12 – 18 para os bovinos leiteiros e entre 20 – 50 para o gado de corte, tendo como recomendação ideal cerca de 40 mg/kg de MS diários para ambos. Esse mineral pode estar presente tanto na água quanto nas plantas presentes no pasto, portanto a suplementação natural é a melhor escolha, caso necessário a suplementação artificial através da ração no cocho ou do sistema SMI é recomendada. -/- 17.4.2 Iodo (I) -/- A deficiência de I também ocasionar dificuldades reprodutivas e hipospermia. Só a captação da tiroide responde à TSH, e somente a glândula endócrina tiroide incorpora esse elemento nos hormônios que são por ela elaborados. Assim, mais de 90% do iodo do organismo é encontrado nas glândulas tireóideas, principalmente como iodo orgânico. Este grande acúmulo de I na glândula é trocado muito lentamente, cerca de 1% por dia. -/- O I entra no organismo via oral e sob a forma de íon iodeto, absorvendo-se muito facilmente desde o aparelho digestivo e passando rapidamente à corrente circulatória e, posteriormente à glândula tiroide (ALBARRACÍN, 2005) onde tem que vencer um gradiente de concentração de 1 a 20; todavia, dada a afinidade entre essa glândula e o iodo, não existe nenhum problema na organização. Na célula folicular, através da ação da peroxidase, converte-se em I molecular que passa para o coloide para se ligar à tiroglobulina e formar as hormonas tireóideas. -/- O I pode atuar sobre o aparelho genital diretamente ou através da hipófise. A tiroidectomia reduz a produção espermática, por sua vez a tiroxina exótica pode restaurá-la. Essa última, administrada dentro de seus limites fisiológicos, aumenta a produção espermática ao incrementar o metabolismo geral. Talvez, o mecanismo mais aceito para atingir esta função fisiológica seja a regulação do consumo de oxigênio pelas células espermáticas. -/- O I pode ser fornecido em quantidades entre 0,2 e 1,0 mg/kg de MS para todas as categorias animais e sem que o produtor possa se preocupar. O I, que é de suma importância, encontra-se na água e nos vegetais, porém pode ser incrementado via alimentação concentrada ou através da injeção mineral direta no animal. -/- 17.5 Energia -/- A disponibilidade de energia está diretamente relacionada com o padrão normal de pulsatilidade do LH. No caso do balanço energético negativo (BEN), verifica-se um rápido aumento da utilização de glicose, resultando em hipoglicemia e, por conseguinte, hipoinsulinemia que, como se sabe, conduz rapidamente a uma lipólise com maior disponibilidade de ácidos para oxidação. Por sua vez, a síntese de colesterol precursor de esteroides sexuais é diminuída. A alteração da relação estrogênios- androgênios no macho causa uma expressão pobre da libido ou desejo sexual. -/- No touro a subnutrição afeta intensamente a função secretora das glândulas acessórias, provocando uma diminuição de 30 a 60% nas concentrações de frutose e ácido láctico do esperma. A subnutrição afeta, sobretudo, a atividade androgênica e a espermatogênese. -/- REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS -/- BARRENHO, Gonçalo José Pinheiro. Nutrição e fertilidade em bovinos de leite. 2016. Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade de Évora. -/- BERCHIELLI, Telma Teresinha; PIRES, Alexandre Vaz; OLIVEIRA, SG de. Nutrição de ruminantes. Jaboticabal: funep, 2006. -/- BICUDO, S. D.; SIQUEIRA, J. B.; MEIRA, C. Patologias do sistema reprodutor de touros. Biológico, São Paulo, v. 69, n. 2, p. 43-48, 2007. -/- BINDARI, Yugal Raj et al. Effects of nutrition on reproduction-A review. Adv. Appl. Sci. Res, v. 4, n. 1, p. 421-429, 2013. -/- BOLAND, M. P. Efectos nutricionales en la reproducción del ganado. XXXI Jornadas Uruguayas de Buiatría, 2003. -/- CHAN, Willie Hing Chang. Uso de Tamoxifeno y Vitamina E en Pacientes con Varicocele. 2003. Tese de Doutorado em Urologia. Universidad de Granada, España. -/- DEHNING, R. Interrelaciones entre nutrición y fertilidad. In: Curso Manejo de la Fertilidad Bovina18-23 May 1987Medellín (Colombia). CICADEP, Bogotá (Colombia) Universidad de La Salle, Medellín (Colombia) Instituto Colombiano Agropecurio, Bogotá (Colombia) Sociedad Alemana de Cooperación Técnica-GTZ (Alemania), 1987. -/- DE LUCA, Leonardo J. Nutrición y fertilidad en el ganado lechero. XXXVI Jornadas Uruguayas de Buiatría, 2008. -/- DIAS, Juliano Cesar et al. Alguns aspectos da interação nutrição-reprodução em bovinos: energia, proteína, minerais e vitaminas. PUBVET, v. 4, p. Art. 738-743, 2010. -/- FRAZER, Grant S. Bovine theriogenology. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, v. 21, n. 2, p. xiii-xiv, 2005. -/- GORDON, Ian. Controlled reproduction in farm animals series. Nova Iorque: CAB International, 1996. -/- MAAS, John. Relationship between nutrition and reproduction in beef cattle. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice, v. 3, n. 3, p. 633-646, 1987. -/- MAGGIONI, Daniele et al. Efeito da nutrição sobre a reprodução de ruminantes: uma revisão. PUBVET, v. 2, n. 11, 2008. -/- NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL et al. NRC. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. Washington, DC: National Academy Science, 1996. -/- NICODEMO, M. L. F.; SERENO, J. R. B.; AMARAL, T. B. Minerais na eficiência reprodutiva de bovinos. Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste-Documentos (INFOTECA-E), 2008. -/- PASA, Camila. Relação reprodução animal e os minerais. Biodiversidade, v. 9, n. 1, 2011. -/- PITA RODRÍGUEZ, Gisela. Funciones de la vitamina E en la nutrición humana. Rev. cuba. aliment. nutr, v. 11, n. 1, p. 46-57, 1997. -/- RADOSTITS, Otto M. et al. (Ed.). Veterinary Medicine E-Book: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2006. -/- SANTOS, José Eduardo Portela. Efeitos da nutrição na reprodução bovina. In: Congresso Brasileiro de Raças Zebuínas. 1998. p. 24-75. -/- SARTORI, Roberto; GUARDIEIRO, Monique Mendes. Fatores nutricionais associados à reprodução da fêmea bovina. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 39, p. 422-432, 2010. -/- SHORT, Robert E.; ADAMS, D. C. Nutritional and hormonal interrelationships in beef cattle reproduction. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, v. 68, n. 1, p. 29-39, 1988. -/- TEIXEIRA, J. C.; TEIXEIRA, LFAC. Alimentação de bovinos leiteiros. FAEPE, Lavras, 1997. -/- WATTIAUX, Michel Andre. Reproduction and nutrition. Babcock Institute for International Dairy Research and Development, Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1995. (shrink)

Loài người có một nỗi niềm rung động rất khó tả khi khai quật được những đồ tạo tác từ thuở xa xưa. Những ngành khoa học như cổ sinh vật học, hay khảo cổ học phản ánh chính sự tò mò và niềm khao khát hiểu biết quá khứ, lịch sử tiến hóa của thế giới tự nhiên. Ngành vật lý cũng dành rất nhiều công sức để tìm hiểu sự ra đời và tiến hóa của vũ trụ. Trong (...) đời sống xã hội, các ngành nhân văn còn có cả những ấn phẩm về lịch sử nghệ thuật, như Art History hay Journal of Art History. Với cùng suy tư và nỗ lực phục hồi giá trị nhân văn cho sự nghiệp bảo tồn đa dạng sinh học và tự nhiên, chúng tôi tìm được một bức ảnh về chim bói cá, được chụp cách đây gần một thế kỷ, của tác giả A. F. Skutch trên The Condor. Thật sự không dễ dàng để có được một bức ảnh sinh động, chân thực và gợi lên nhiều cảm xúc. Bức ảnh này có khả năng lay động tâm tư suy nghĩ của người xem và đánh thức lương tri vì một môi trường sống đáng sống. (shrink)

Báo Khoa học & Phát triển ngày 23-2 đăng một bài ngắn nhưng thú vị và rất giá trị của TS Phạm Hiệp, viết về trải nghiệm và suy ngẫm qua nhận biết những phát kiến mới, nhỏ (nhưng “hạt tiêu”) trong công việc nghiên cứu khoa học.Bài viết rõ ràng phản ánh một dáng điệu tăng trưởng tư duy trong tổng thể tiếp cận nhận thức luận, một trong ba trụ cột quan trọng của triết học khoa học. Trong (...) bài viết ngắn để tiếp dòng suy nghĩ của TS Phạm Hiệp, bàn tiếp về tính “động” của thể trạng nhỏ (từ quan sát “tĩnh”) là việc đáng làm, tôn tạo tiếp giá trị bài vừa nói trên Khoa học và Phát triển. Qua đó, chân dung của thực tế tương lai có thể sẽ rất khác, mặc dù chỉ bắt đầu nho nhỏ mà thôi. (shrink)

Hui Shi (370-310B.C.E.?) is a unique one among the pre-Qin scholars. The object and orientation of his scholarship emphasized on “chasing after the materials” or the research for objective knowledge of natural things. He shows a tendency of tolerating and advocating diversity and variety, and intentionally pursuing new and unusual ideas. In certain degree he judges the value of knowledge by its truthfulness rather than its usefulness. As pointed out by Wing-tsit Chan, Hui shi represents a “tendency in ancient (...) China toward intellectualism for its own sake”. (shrink)

This paper discusses the idea of "pure experience" within the context of the Buddhist tradition and in connection with the notions of emptiness and dependent origination via a reading of Dale Wright's reading of 'Huangbo' in his 'Philosophical Meditations on Zen Buddhism'. The purpose is to appropriate Wright's text in order to engender a response to Steven Katz's contextualist-constructivist thesis that there are no "pure" (i.e., unmediated) experiences. In light of the Mahayana claim that everything is empty of substance, i.e., (...) originates dependently through conditions, contingencies, and contexts, what does the "purity" of the Enlightenment experience mean for Chan/Zen Buddhism? (shrink)

Loài người có một nỗi niềm rung động rất khó tả khi khai quật được những đồ tạo tác từ thuở xa xưa. Những ngành khoa học như cổ sinh vật học, hay khảo cổ học phản ánh chính sự tò mò và niềm khao khát hiểu biết quá khứ, lịch sử tiến hóa của thế giới tự nhiên. Ngành vật lý cũng dành rất nhiều công sức để tìm hiểu sự ra đời và tiến hóa của vũ trụ. Trong (...) đời sống xã hội, các ngành nhân văn còn có cả những ấn phẩm về lịch sử nghệ thuật, như Art History hay Journal of Art History. Với cùng suy tư và nỗ lực phục hồi giá trị nhân văn cho sự nghiệp bảo tồn đa dạng sinh học và tự nhiên, chúng tôi tìm được một bức ảnh về chim bói cá, được chụp cách đây gần một thế kỷ, của tác giả A. F. Skutch trên The Condor [1]. Thật sự không dễ dàng để có được một bức ảnh sinh động, chân thực và gợi lên nhiều cảm xúc. Bức ảnh này có khả năng lay động tâm tư suy nghĩ của người xem và đánh thức lương tri vì một môi trường tràn đầy sự sống. (shrink)

Nghiên cứu nhằm xác định và đánh giá mức độ ảnh hưởng của các yếu tố trong việc đưa ra quyết định chọn trường đại học của học sinh THPT. Phương pháp phỏng vấn trực tuyến (online) kết hợp với bảng hỏi được sử dụng để thu thập dữ liệu từ 200 sinh viên năm nhất của các Trường Đại học ở Hà Nội và ngoài khu vực Hà Nội, trong thời gian tháng 2 và tháng 3 năm 2020. Phương (...) pháp phân tích khám phá nhân tố và phương pháp hồi quy tuyến tính được ứng dụng để phân tích số liệu. Kết quả cho thấy sinh viên khá hài lòng và khá chắc chắn với quyết định lựa chọn trường đại học của mình, trong khi đó có 4 yếu tố quan trọng ảnh hưởng đến việc quyết định chọn trường đại học. Các yếu tố có độ lớn giảm dần theo thứ tự là (1) yếu tố thông tin, quảng cáo, (2) yếu tố thương hiệu và việc làm, (3) yếu tố bản thân học sinh, và (4) yếu tố học phí và cơ sở vật chất. Từ kết quả nghiên cứu, chúng tôi đề xuất một số giải pháp nhằm giúp các em học sinh tìm được trường phù hợp và hỗ trợ các trường đại học cải thiện sự hiệu quả của công tác tuyển sinh trong thời gian đến. (shrink)

In Public Reason Confucianism, Kim Sungmoon presents a perfectionist theory that is based on a partially comprehensive Confucian doctrine but is non-sectarian, since the doctrine is widely shared in East Asian societies. Despite its attractiveness, I argue that this project, unfortunately, fails because it is still vulnerable to the sectarian critique. The blurred distinction between partially and fully comprehensive doctrines will create a loophole problem. Sectarian laws and policies may gain legitimacy that they do not deserve. I further defend political (...) Confucianism, which is regarded by Kim as an inadequately intelligible form of Confucianism. Kim assumes a too narrow understanding of intelligibility. Although political Confucianism may not be politically intelligible, it is civically intelligible, i.e. it is culturally intelligibly different from other political theories in terms of its implications in citizens’ actions in civil society. In light of civic intelligibility, the distinctiveness of political Confucianism should not be underestimated. (shrink)

Without doctors being able to explain medical decisions to patients, I argue their use of black box AIs would erode the effective and respectful care they provide patients. In addition, I argue that physicians should use AI black boxes only for patients in dire straits, or when physicians use AI as a “co-pilot” (analogous to a spellchecker) but can independently confirm its accuracy. I respond to A.J. London’s objection that physicians already prescribe some drugs without knowing why they work.

Russellian monism – an influential doctrine proposed by Russell (1927/1992) – is roughly the view that the natural sciences can only ever tell us about the causal, dispositional, and structural properties of physical entities and not about their categorical properties, and, moreover, that our qualia are constituted by categorical properties. Recently, Stoljar (2001a, 2001b), Strawson (2008), Montero (2010, 2015), Alter and Nagasawa (2012), and Chalmers (2015) have attempted to develop this doctrine into a version of physicalism. Russellian monism faces the (...) so-called combination problem, according to which it is difficult to see how categorical properties could collectively constitute qualia. In this paper, I suggest that there is an insufficiently discussed aspect of the combination problem which I call the difference-maker problem. Taking the difference-maker problem into account, I argue that the combination problem – whether or not it can be solved – results in a dilemma for the project of developing Russellian physicalism. That is, Russellian monism is either physicalistically unacceptable or it is implausible; hence, Russellian monism and physicalism are incompatible. (shrink)

Set aside fanciful doomsday speculations about AI. Even lower-level AIs, while otherwise friendly and providing us a universal basic income, would be able to do all our jobs. Also, we would over-rely upon AI assistants even in our personal lives. Thus, John Danaher argues that a human crisis of moral passivity would result However, I argue firstly that if AIs are posited to lack the potential to become unfriendly, they may not be intelligent enough to replace us in all our (...) jobs. If instead they are intelligent enough to replace us, the risk they become unfriendly increases, given that they would not need us and humans would just compete for valuable resources. Their hostility will not promote our moral passivity. Secondly, the use of AI assistants in our personal lives will become a problem only if we rely on them for almost all our decision-making and motivation. But such a (maximally) pervasive level of dependence raises the question of whether humans would accept it, and consequently whether the crisis of passivity will arise. (shrink)

Could Christians and Muslims be referring to the same God? Consider Gareth Evans’s causal theory of reference, on which a name refers to the dominant source of information in the name’s “dossier”. I argue that information about experiences, in which God is simply the object of acquaintance, can dominate the dossier. Thus, this "demonstrative" use of names offers a promising alternative avenue by which users of the divine names can refer to the same referent despite having different conceptions of God.

The disciplinary characterisation (DC) is the most popular approach to defining metaphysical naturalism and physicalism. It defines metaphysical naturalism with reference to scientific theories and defines physicalism with reference to physical theories, and suggests that every entity that exists is a posited entity of these theories. DC has been criticised for its inability to solve Hempel’s dilemma and a list of problems alike. In this paper, I propose and defend a novel version of DC that can be called a historical (...) paths approach. The idea is (roughly) that metaphysical naturalism can be defined with reference to the historical ideas that current scientific ideas descend from. I argue that it is not rendered implausible by the above problems, and hence that DC is more defensible and attractive than it may first appear. I then argue that the approach also provides a useful framework for the naturalisation of the philosophy of mind and phenomenology. (shrink)

In this paper, we describe four broad ‘meta-methods’ employed in scientific and philosophical research of qualia. These are the theory-centred metamethod, the property-centred meta-method, the argument-centred meta-method, and the event-centred meta-method. Broadly speaking, the theory-centred meta-method is interested in the role of qualia as some theoretical entities picked out by our folk psychological theories; the property-centred meta-method is interested in some metaphysical properties of qualia that we immediately observe through introspection ; the argument-centred meta-method is interested in the role of (...) qualia in some arguments for non-physicalism; the event-centred metamethod is interested in the role of qualia as some natural events whose nature is hidden and must be uncovered empirically. We will argue that the event-centred metamethod is the most promising route to a comprehensive scientific conception of qualia because of the flexibility of ontological and methodological assumptions it can provide. We also reveal the hidden influences of the different meta-methods and in doing so show why consideration of meta-methods has value for the study of consciousness. (shrink)

This paper on feminism was given at a public lecture in Spain. The author speaks from the perspective of contemporary Catholicism, represented in the magisterial teachings of St John Paul II, foreshadowed in the works of St. Edith Stein, and amplified and developed by contemporary Catholic scholars such as Prudence Allen, Michelle Schumacher, Leonie Caldecott and Cardinals Angelo Scola, Walter Kasper and Karl Lehmann.

I contend there exists a platonistic good that all other good (excellent) things must resemble, supplementing this theory with Aristotelian features. Something’s goodness holds in virtue of the thing’s own properties being such as to satisfy its kind-based standards, and those K-standards resembling the platonic good. As for the latter condition, the K-standards resemble it firstly with respect to requiring activities, and secondly also at the level of what teleology those activities are directed towards.

Russellian monism—an influential doctrine proposed by Russell (The analysis of matter, Routledge, London, 1927/1992)—is roughly the view that physics can only ever tell us about the causal, dispositional, and structural properties of physical entities and not their categorical (or intrinsic) properties, whereas our qualia are constituted by those categorical properties. In this paper, I will discuss the relation between Russellian monism and a seminal paradox facing epiphenomenalism, the paradox of phenomenal judgment: if epiphenomenalism is true—qualia are causally inefficacious—then any judgment (...) concerning qualia, including epiphenomenalism itself, cannot be caused by qualia. For many writers, including Hawthorne (Philos Perspect 15:361–378, 2001), Smart (J Conscious Stud 11(2):41–50, 2004), and Braddon-Mitchell and Jackson (The philosophy of mind and cognition, Blackwell, Malden, 2007), Russellian monism faces the same paradox as epiphenomenalism does. I will assess Chalmers’s (The conscious mind: in search of a fundamental theory. Oxford University Press, New York, 1996) and Seager’s (in: Beckermann A, McLaughlin BP (eds) The Oxford handbook of philosophy of mind. Oxford University Press, New York, 2009) defences of Russellian monism against the paradox, and will put forward a novel argument against those defences. (shrink)

Aristotelian theory, as found in Michael Thompson and Philippa Foot, claims that to be good is to be good as a member of that kind. However, I contend that something can satisfy kind-relative standards but nonetheless be bad—I propose a hypothetical Ebola-like microbe that meets its kind-standards of being destructive for its own sake, but it would plausibly be bad for doing so. I anticipate an Aristotelian objection that evaluations should only be made from "within" the lifeform conception rather than (...) from without. (shrink)

Alexander Bird (2001; 2002; 2007) offers a powerful argument showing that, regardless of whether necessitarianism or contingentism about laws is true, salt necessarily dissolves in water. The argument is that the same laws of nature that are necessary for the constitution of salt necessitate the solubility of salt. This paper shows that Bird’s argument faces a serious objection if the possibility of emergentism – in particular, C. D. Broad’s account – is taken into account. The idea is (roughly) that some (...) emergent laws in some possible worlds may disrupt the solubility of salt without disrupting its constitution. (shrink)

Monism is our name for a range of views according to which the connection between dispositions and their categorical bases is intimate and necessary, or on which there are no categorical bases at all. In contrast, Dualist views hold that the connection between dispositions and their categorical bases is distant and contingent. This paper is a defence of Monism against an influential conceivability argument in favour of Dualism. The argument suggests that the apparent possibility of causal behaviour coming apart from (...) categorical bases is best explained by Dualism. We argue that Monism can explain the apparent possibility as well, if we take metaphysically alien laws — namely, laws whose metaphysical nature is alien to the actual world — into account. (shrink)

This paper begins to examine different interpretations of causa sui as the key notion used by Strawson to argue for the impossibility of ultimate moral responsibility. Descartes’ and Spinoza’s interpretations are representative in understanding the notion of causa sui. Strawson is, I think, on the side of Descartes. If causa sui can be interpreted differently from the way in which Strawson did, the idea of moral responsibility would change. I shall here examine Spinoza’s notion of causa sui, which is an (...) alternative approach to Strawson’s, for leading to the possibility of moral responsibility. The Chinese concept of the Supreme Polarity (taiji) can be interpreted as a foundation of self-determination when philosophically comparing it with Spinoza’s idea of causa sui, which means an immanent and efficient cause. In the Chinese context, the ontological account of an agent explains how and why persons actively participate in the ordering of the world in the Confucian way of life. Based upon this, I will attempt to examine the idea of moral responsibility with the notion of taking responsibility for oneself or, as I will call it, “selfassignment”, and consider how the role a person plays might contribute to understanding the relationship between free will and moral responsibility. In other words, the ontological claim that the unitary principle of Heaven-andEarth is innately immanent in each person seems to endorse the possibility of ultimate responsibility even though the teleological commitment to making the world better implies the absence of free will. This is one of the alternative ways that we can take moral responsibility without free will. (shrink)

On 25 May 2020, Officer Derek Chauvin asphyxiated George Floyd in Minneapolis — a murder that was captured in a confronting nine-minute bystander video that set off a firestorm of activity on online social networks, in the streets of the United States, and even worldwide. These protests captured the collective rage, dissatisfaction, and resentment personally and vicariously experienced towards the widespread systematic injustice and mistreatment of African Americans by police and vigilantes. The scale of these protests, both online and in (...) the streets, has been estimated to have far exceeded the civil rights marches of the 1960s (Buchanan et al. 2020). Considering the widespread extent of these protests, our research aims to analyse conflictual intergroup moral dynamics in terms of the reactive attitudes expressed by distinct online communities on Twitter. This paper examines the extent to which the Strawsonian (1962) reactive attitudes framework is applicable to the Twitter discourse around the Black Lives Matter protests reignited by the murder of George Floyd. In particular, we argue that the Strawsonian framework is inadequate to understand a range of prevalent attitudes expressed in this discourse — attitudes that we call reactionary as opposed to merely reactive. Reactionary attitudes include counter-indignation on behalf of the accused rather than Strawsonian indignation on behalf of the victim of a moral wrong. We document the expression of such attitudes among the right-wing participants in the online discourse about the Black Lives Matter movement. (shrink)

Coffee and tea are two beverages commonly-consumed around the world. Therefore, there is much research regarding their physiological effects. However, less is known about their psychological meanings. Derived from a predicted lay association between coffee and arousal, we posit that exposure to coffee-related cues should increase arousal, even in the absence of actual ingestion, relative to exposure to tea-related cues. We further suggest that higher arousal levels should facilitate a concrete level of mental construal as conceptualized by Construal Level Theory. (...) In four experiments, we find that coffee cues prompted participants to see temporal distances as shorter and to think in more concrete, precise terms. Both subjective and physiological arousal explain the effects. We situate our work in the literature that connects food and beverage to cognition or decision-making. We also discuss the applied relevance of our results as coffee and tea are among the most prevalent beverages globally. (shrink)

The 16th and 17th centuries witnessed a philosophical shift that would help pave the way for modern science, a shift from metaphysical theories of material objects to other views embracing only the empirically-accessible parts of material things. One much-debated topic in the course of this shift was regarding prime matter. The late scholastic Jacobus Zabarella (1533-1589) arrived upon his views about prime matter via his version of the regressus method, a program for a sort of scientific reasoning. In his De (...) rebus naturalibus, Zabarella defends the position that prime matter is extended. However, it is less clear how he accounts for its extension. There is an important text where he apparently suggests that prime matter is extended in and of itself. However, there are two other texts apparently stating that matter is extended in virtue of a distinct accident in the category of quantity. I argue that a decisive reading based solely upon any particular texts is not available. Nevertheless, examining Zabarella’s writing on the topic as a whole, the trajectory of his overall argument is remarkably sympathetic to Averroes, who famously took the accidentally quantified position. Thus, from this systematic feature, the accidentally quantified reading is more reasonable. (shrink)

The Humility Thesis is a persistent thesis in contemporary metaphysics. It is known by a variety of names, including, but not limited to, Humility, Intrinsic Humility, Kantian Humility, Kantian Physicalism, Intrinsic Ignorance, Categorical Ignorance, Irremediable Ignorance, and Noumenalism. According to the thesis, we human beings, and any knowers that share our general ways of knowing, are irremediably ignorant of a certain class of properties that are intrinsic to material entities … Continue reading Humility Regarding Intrinsic Properties →.

Modern philosophy is divided, apparently. The two apparent divisions are commonly referred to as “Analytic” and “Continental” (Prado). The former division is often seen as Kantian, ahistoricist, scientific, and logical; the latter division is often seen as Hegelian, historicist, conversational, and rhetorical (Rorty). In this paper, we attempt to use the principles of experimental philosophy and comparative computational techniques against a corpus of self-identified “analytic” and “continental” texts in order to test various hypotheses about the analytic/continental divide from the philosophical (...) literature: some hypotheses are supported, some opposed, and others left open to further research. This project was funded by the 2022 University of Houston MD Anderson Library Digital Research Commons Special Projects Grant. (shrink)

While environmental claims are increasingly used by companies to appeal consumers, they also attract greater scrutiny from independent parties interested in consumer protection. Consumers are now able to compare corporate environmental claims against external, often disconfirming, information to form their brand attitudes and purchase intentions. What remains unclear is how the level of information specificity of both the environmental claims and external disconfirming information interact to influence consumer reactions. Two experiments address this gap in the CSR communication literature. When specific (...) claims are countered by specific external information, consumers report more negative brand attitudes and lower purchase intentions. The effect is serially mediated by skepticism toward the claims and lack of corporate credibility. We conclude by discussing strategies that firms can utilize to avoid information dilution and ensure that external disconfirming information percolates to consumers as specific. (shrink)

In the context of climate change, this study uncovers the role of green airlines’ social responsibility in conjunction with the consumers’ switching behavior while considering the effects of latent variables, including green psychology, airline corporate image, green experimental behavior, green service fairness, green alternative attractiveness and switching intention, were examined in the study.

ABSTRACT Lewtas [2017] recently articulated an argument claiming that emergent conscious causal powers are impossible. In developing his argument, Lewtas makes several assumptions about emergence, phenomenal consciousness, categorical properties, and causation. We argue that there are plausible alternatives to these assumptions. Thus, the proponent of emergent conscious causal powers can escape Lewtas’s challenge.

In a recent article, Marilyn Baffoe-Bonnie offers three arguments for conducting CRISPR/Cas9 biotechnology research to cure sickle-cell disease (SCD) based on addressing historical and current injustices in SCD research and care. I show that her second and third arguments suffer from roughly the same defect, which is that they really argue for something else rather than for conducting CRISPR/Cas9 research in particular. For instance, the second argument argues that conducting this gene therapy research would improve the relationship between SCD sufferers (...) (who are mostly of African descent) and health care providers. But really what is essential in improving this relationship is for those providers to genuinely care and be concerned, and this could be lacking even with the CRISPR research being done. Indeed, this relationship could be improved even without that research being done, as long as there is genuine concern. Thus, this argument actually argues for the need for genuine concern. As for the third argument, one (of two) problems arises because it claims that CRISPR research for SCD should be pursued because the benefits would be shared by even non-research-participants, as non-participants would be encouraged. However, this argues for any research for SCD, not for CRISPR research in particular. I conclude that a better justice-based argument will use only Baffoe-Bonnie’s first argument, which is based on historic neglect of an actual cure for SCD (going beyond merely management or transplant therapies). (shrink)

Recent research in science indicates that we are living in a fine-tuned universe. Only a very small parameter space of universal fundamental constants in Physics is congenial for the existence of life. Moreover, recent studies in Biological evolution also reveal that fine-tuning did exist in the evolution. It seems that we are so lucky to exist as all universal fundamental constants and life-permitting factors really fall into such a very small life-allowing region. This problem is known as the fine-tuning problem. (...) Does this phenomenon need an explanation? Can the fine-tuning problem point to the existence of God? Modern Science invokes the idea of multiverse to address the fine-tuning problem. Some scientists suggest that each universe in a set of infinitely many universes contains a typical set of fundamental constants. We should not be surprised why our universe is fine-tuned because we would not exist if the constants are not the life-allowed values. Some suggest that the existence of God can explain this fine-tuning problem. The naturalistic multiverse theory and the existence of God are the two most robust proposals to address the fine-tuning problem. Moreover, some argue that the fine-tuning problem is not real because we are just subject to observational selection effect. In this thesis, I will provide a comprehensive discussion on the fine-tuning phenomena in our universe. In particular, I will use the confirmation principle and the inference to the best explanation simultaneously to evaluate different hypotheses in a more systematic way and give some of the new and updated scientific and philosophical arguments to respond to the recent criticisms of the fine-tuning arguments. I conclude that the theistic hypothesis is the best among all to address the fine-tuning problem. (shrink)

The role of imagination in Descartes. The critic of Sartre to the concept of image in Descartes.

Although religious belief is often claimed to help with physical ailments including pain, it is unclear what psychological and neural mechanisms underlie the influence of religious belief on pain. By analogy to other top-down processes of pain modulation we hypothesized that religious belief helps believers reinterpret the emotional significance of pain, leading to emotional detachment from it. Recent findings on emotion regulation support a role for the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, a region also important for driving top-down pain inhibitory circuits. (...) Using functional magnetic resonance imaging in practicing Catholics and avowed atheists and agnostics during painful stimulation, here we show the existence of a context-dependent form of analgesia that was triggered by the presentation of an image with a religious content but not by the presentation of a non-religious image. As confirmed by behavioral data, contemplation of the religious image eneabled the religious group to detach themselves from the experience of pain. Critically, this context-dependent modulation of pain specifically engaged the right VLPFC, whereas group-specific preferential liking of one of the pictures was associated with activation in the ventral midbrain. We suggest that religious belief might provide a framework that allows individuals to engage known pain-regulatory brain processes. (shrink)

Abstract: Alienation and slavery from Precious or what we don't want to see. It is our purpose to establish, in a parallel reading, these two films (highly rewarded), namely The Fence and Precious, that apparently being so different, are an illustration of the reality of life and the modern democratic world: the social uprooting and slavery. If in the movie of Phillip Noyce and Christone Olsen The Fence, is told a story of three young Aboriginal girls who are forcibly taken (...) to be transformed into domestic slaves, in the movie of Lee Daniels Precious, the young woman is already a servant in her own home and seeks the transformation of her life. Uniting these two stories, we find fundamental elements: illiteracy, ill-treatment, the idea of a migration (real or metaphysical), among others, but whose fundamental notion is the journey. If the film The Fence, the fence itself is used to conduct the three young Aboriginal to a real reunion with the family, in Precious, the metaphorical ‘fence’ is the limit of her world. From this interpretation, we will undertake our reflection about what we consider to be the alienation of the modern world and the silence we produce about them. (shrink)

This article develops a view of shape representation both in visual experience and in subpersonal visual processing. The view is that, in both cases, shape is represented in a ‘layered’ manner: an object is represented as having multiple shape properties, and these properties have varying degrees of abstraction. I argue that this view is supported both by the facts about visual phenomenology and by a large collection of evidence in perceptual psychology. Such evidence is provided by studies of shape discriminability, (...) apparent motion, multiple-object tracking, and structure-from-motion. Recent neuroscientific work has also corroborated this psychophysical evidence. Finally, I draw out implications of the layered view for processes of concept acquisition. 1 Introduction2 Metric Properties andShape Properties3 Metric Views4 Against Metric Views of Visual Shape Experience5 The Visual System Uses Abstract Shape Properties6 Against Metric Views of Visual Shape Representation7 Neural Underpinnings of Abstract Shape Perception8 Implications. (shrink)

The Deaf culture in the United States is a unique culture that is not widely understood. To members of the Deaf community in the United States, deafness is not viewed as a disease or pathology to be treated or cured; instead it is seen as a difference in human experience. Members of this community do not hide their deafness; instead they take great pride in their Deaf identity. The Deaf culture in the United States is very communitarian not individualistic. Mary (...) Beth and Dominic are a married couple in their late 20s who are genetically deaf. They are active members in the Deaf community and work as advocates for individuals who are deaf, family members of Deaf people and sign language interpreters who identify with the Deaf culture. Mary Beth and Dominic approach the fertility clinic with a request that they only want a child with the genetic gene for deafness. They would want the embryos that do not have the gene to be destroyed. This would entail creating a child who would have the gene for deafness. Medically and ethically, should the fertility clinic agree to the couple’s request? The authors argue that the couple's request should be denied and provide reasons for it from the perspectives of foundational and clinical ethics. (shrink)

Because corporate social responsibility can be beneficial to both companies and its stakeholders, interest in factors that support CSR performance has grown in recent years. A thorough integration of CSR in core business processes is particularly important for achieving effective long-term CSR practices. Here, we explored the individual CSR-related competencies that support CSR implementation in a corporate context. First, a systematic literature review was performed in which relevant scientific articles were identified and analyzed. Next, 28 CSR directors and managers were (...) interviewed. The literature review complemented with interview data resulted in the following eight distinct CSR-related competencies: Anticipating CSR challenges; Understanding CSR-relevant systems and subsystems; Understanding CSR-relevant standards; CSR management competencies, including Leading CSR programs, Managing CSR programs, and Identifying and realizing CSR-related business opportunities; Realizing CSR-supportive interpersonal processes; Employing CSR-supportive personal characteristics and attitudes; Personal value-driven competencies, including Ethical normative competencies, Balancing personal ethical values and business objectives, and Realizing self-regulated CSR-related behaviors and active involvement; and Reflecting on personal CSR views and experiences. Based on these results, implications for further research on this topic, as well as implications for practitioners, are discussed. (shrink)

Historically, scientific and engineering expertise has been key in shaping research and innovation policies, with benefits presumed to accrue to society more broadly over time. But there is persistent and growing concern about whether and how ethical and societal values are integrated into R&I policies and governance, as we confront public disbelief in science and political suspicion toward evidence-based policy-making. Erosion of such a social contract with science limits the ability of democratic societies to deal with challenges presented by new, (...) disruptive technologies, such as synthetic biology, nanotechnology, genetic engineering, automation and robotics, and artificial intelligence. Many policy efforts have emerged in response to such concerns, one prominent example being Europe's Eighth Framework Programme, Horizon 2020, whose focus on “Responsible Research and Innovation” provides a case study for the translation of such normative perspectives into concrete policy action and implementation. Our analysis of this H2020 RRI approach suggests a lack of consistent integration of elements such as ethics, open access, open innovation, and public engagement. On the basis of our evaluation, we suggest possible pathways for strengthening efforts to deliver R&I policies that deepen mutually beneficial science and society relationships. (shrink)

Traditionally, Kantian ethics has been thought hostile to agents' well-being. Recent commentators have rightly called this view into question, but they do not push their challenge far enough. For they leave in place a fundamental assumption on which the traditional view rests, viz., that happiness is all there is to well-being. This assumption is important, since, combined with Kant’s rationalism about morality and empiricism about happiness, it implies that morality and well-being are at best extrinsically related. Since morality can only (...) make our lives go well by making us happy, and since morality can only make us happy by influencing our sensibility, morality is not its own reward--not really. It is simply the condition for some separate benefit. Drawing on Kant’s underappreciated discussion of self-contentment, an intellectual analog of happiness, I reconstruct an alternative account of morality’s relation to well-being. Morality does make our lives go well--and so is its own reward--not because it makes us happy but because it makes us self-contented. (shrink)

Animal ethicists have recently debated the ethical questions raised by disenhancing animals to improve their welfare. Here, we focus on the particular case of breeding hens for commercial egg-laying systems to become blind, in order to benefit their welfare. Many people find breeding blind hens intuitively repellent, yet ‘welfare-only’ positions appear to be committed to endorsing this possibility if it produces welfare gains. We call this the ‘Blind Hens’ Challenge’. In this paper, we argue that there are both empirical and (...) theoretical reasons why even those adopting ‘welfare-only’ views should be concerned about breeding blind hens. But we also argue that alternative views, which (for example) claim that it is important to respect the telos or rights of an animal, do not offer a more convincing solution to questions raised by the possibility of disenhancing animals for their own benefit. (shrink)

Wittgenstein’s concepts shed light on the phenomenon of schizophrenia in at least three different ways: with a view to empathy, scientific explanation, or philosophical clarification. I consider two different “positive” wittgensteinian accounts―Campbell’s idea that delusions involve a mechanism of which different framework propositions are parts, Sass’ proposal that the schizophrenic patient can be described as a solipsist, and a Rhodes’ and Gipp’s account, where epistemic aspects of schizophrenia are explained as failures in the ordinary background of certainties. I argue that (...) none of them amounts to empathic-phenomenological understanding, but they provide examples of how philosophical concepts can contribute to scientific explanation, and to philosophical clarification respectively. (shrink)

All parties involved in researching, developing, manufacturing, and distributing COVID-19 vaccines need guidance on their ethical obligations. We focus on pharmaceutical companies' obligations because their capacities to research, develop, manufacture, and distribute vaccines make them uniquely placed for stemming the pandemic. We argue that an ethical approach to COVID-19 vaccine production and distribution should satisfy four uncontroversial principles: optimising vaccine production, including development, testing, and manufacturing; fair distribution; sustainability; and accountability. All parties' obligations should be coordinated and mutually consistent. For (...) instance, companies should not be obligated to provide host countries with additional booster shots at the expense of fulfilling bilateral contracts with countries in which there are surges. Finally, any satisfactory approach should include mechanisms for assurance that all parties are honouring their obligations. This assurance enables countries, pharmaceutical companies, global organisations, and others to verify compliance with the chosen approach and protect ethically compliant stakeholders from being unfairly exploited by unethical behaviour of others. (shrink)

O presente trabalho visa apresentar a solução dada por Santo Agostinho ao problema do mal, aliado à aparente contraditoriedade entre a presciência de Deus e a liberdade humana. Para isto, será útil como bibliografia principal do filósofo sua obra De libero arbitrio, um livro em forma de diálogo onde o pensador esclarece suas posições acerca do livre-arbítrio e da presciência divina.

This book is devoted to applied ethics. We focus on six popular and controversial topics: abortion, the environment, animals, poverty, punishment, and disability. We cover three chapters per topic, and each chapter is devoted to a famous or influential argument on the topic. After we present an influential argument, we then consider objections to the argument, and replies to the objections. The book is impartial, and set up in order to equip the reader to make up her own mind about (...) the controversial topics covered. (shrink)